NISM Series 12 Securities Markets Foundation Certification Exam Notes
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Institutional Investors: Institutional investors manage large funds with specialized knowledge, including mutual funds, banks, and pension funds.
Issuers: Issuers, such as companies and governments, raise capital by issuing securities to meet short- or long-term needs.
Common Issuers: Companies, governments, financial institutions, and mutual funds issue securities to fund operations or deficits.
Dematerialisation: Securities are issued and held electronically since the mid-1990s, replacing physical certificates.
Intermediaries: Intermediaries facilitate transactions between investors and issuers, including merchant bankers, brokers, and depositories.
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